My Elder Sister who is My Personal Leader Essay

When I started this class on Leadership I used my own Elder Sister as an example of a leader because when I think of some of the positive characteristics of organizational leaders my elder sister keeps coming to my mind. She is brave and courageous facing challenges most would have given up on. She is giving and caring, encouraging and supportive. She wants only the best for our family, helping us face life by teaching us skills and lessons. My Elder sister listened deeply to our joys, struggles, and achievements- never judging, simply being there. We could count on my elder sister to pull our family together, to connect us. She planned and organized incredible events and let us all shine in the process. My Elder sister was my tutor and the first leader in my life. The space she carved out for us in the world is what gave us room to grow. the reason of that in our family we are five sisters and one brother and our grandparents were staying with us that’s why some of our relati ves always present in our house. So it’s very difficult for my mother to maintain that entire situation without a strong helping hand and that hand name is my elder sister. She always plays a supportive role for my mother. My father was a businessman and also a too busy person who had no specific time for his family and children. Since my mother worked hard all the time and never really had time for us, she used to leave us with my elder sister and she looked after us like her child. Basically when my sister was 15, my mother trusted her enough to take care of us and make decision for us and she achieves this trust with doing her responsibility properly. When we were sad as little kids we could run to my elder sister and it would be all better. As we are growing up and in our teen years we still need someone to talk to sometimes and we need to listen. She always listens and gives us good advice. My elder sister knows us better than anyone. She knows how to make us cry, how to make us happy. She knows all of our strengths and weaknesses. My elder sister is courageous and knows how to take control. She can make things fun but at the same time gets the job done. She knows what has to be done and gets it done on time. My elder sister is like the leader of my family because when things need to get done she takes control and gets them done. People need to learn to make the right decisions. That is one of the most important qualities a leader can have. As her sister, I would like to tell everyone that my elder sister taught us how to make the right decisions. My elder sister appears to always make the right decisions. As a teenager, it might not appear like she is right, but when looking back on the situation I realize that the right decision was made. She is open to ideas of other people she will always listen to our ideas and considers them when making decisions. A leader is someone who shows admirable qualities that people would want to follow. A leader can also be a person that is the head of some organization. My personal leaders are my elder sister. Some people might question that, but my elder sister has all the qualities of a leader. Some of the qualities she have are that she know when to say no, they always seem to make the right decisions, As I read through my notes which I got in this leadership class, I wasn’t surprised to find that my reflections revealed that my Elder sister is a natural born leader. Although she has never been a CEO of a company, she possesses many of the most significant qualities inherent in many of our best. She has been fair and even-handed, positive and persuasive, hard working and determined. But most of all, she knew how to draw out the best in each one of her family members. My elder sister could always see the shining ray of hope in all situations. When I would talk to her about personal or professional challenges she would say that life has it’s â€Å"ups and the downs†, and that the most important thing to find the balance and inner-peace within. I feel blessed to have inherited some of my Elder sister’s innate sense of optimism, sensibility and courage. It is clear to me that create a confidant that I am today, mostly due to the positive beliefs that were inspired upon me as a young sister. Words of wisdom from my Elder sister that I always carry with me are: â€Å"This too shall pass†. As leaders, my Elder sister’s advice implies that we must learn how to â€Å"let go† and trust. This means we can’t control everything around us. It means asking others for help. It means not giving up. From this place of trust, humility and hope, we can honestly discover how to serve one another. And so, as I move forward in life, I can only hope that I have received even a small portion of her elegance, wisdom and self-respect as I proceed with my life. At last I want to Thank my Elder sister for leading the way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

A Late Aubade

A person praises other of his daily activities and says that he does not waste his time and he utilizes his time in useful activities. He then asks him to bring them some eatables.Paraphrase:Now you could be seated in a carrel and turning rotten page or mounting in a caged lift that was moving toward Ladies’ Apparel. You could be sowing in a rough field of salvia while wearing rubber gloves or contemplating over a series of thought of somebody’s love with a disappointing head. Or you are helping a dejected setter to nurse back to health or paying heed to an unwelcoming lecture on Schoenberg's serial technique.1Is this nit something superior?Consider the whole time you are not dissipating and would not be bothered to throw away. Express gratitude to God that such things are not of your flavor. Take into account the time you have by a woman’s calculations and you who had somewhat lazed in bed and kiss, may use your thought and time for this than something else. You declare that it is about midday?If so, time takes wings and I feel no want to repeat the flowery topic of years old poetry. If you have to leave, stay for a short time and after that move downward and fetch some ice-cold white wine with some blue cheese, crackers and some amount of excellent reddish pears. Â  

Appraisal Theory The Effects On Skin Psychology Essay

Appraisal Theory The Effects On Skin Psychology Essay This report aims to replicate a classic finding in biopsychology research which proposed, that increases in task difficulty lead to increases in arousal. As well as to present any individual differences that angle off from this, that possibly could be accounted by the appraisal theory. One hundred and two individuals took part in a task called Speedy Pizzas where they had to deliver successfully a vast quantity of pizzas as the level of difficulty increased. The individuals were represented with a total of 5 levels of difficulty, beginning from level 1 (10 pizzas per minute) to level 5 (50 pizzas per minute). This experiment used a repeated measures design where each individual participated at both levels of task difficulty. The outcome showed that there was a significant increase in GSR as task engagement got more challenging. Although, that the overall GSR test showed increase, individual differences might suggest otherwise. Introduction To begin with, this paper will first examin e some relevant background on the former literature on a classic biopsychology discoveries based on task performance and its association with increase in skin conductance in an attempt to replicate its findings. Afterwards, it will address some individual variations that might have a crucial role in that correlation. A number of researchers over the years have shown that task attainment of individuals is closely knit together with increase in skin conductance. For instance, Kahneman, Trusky et al. (1969 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) experiment, showed the relationship between skin resistance levels and mental arithmetic task at three layers of difficulty and encountered that skin resistance decreased as difficulty of each level increased. Nonetheless, this connection between them is often distinct, there are cases that the individuals disengage from the task by resigning which is shown in the form of decreasing responses in the GSR levels whilst the task engagement becomes pa rticularly difficult. This occurrence can be placed under the theory of the appraisal model proposed by Smith and Lazarus (1993 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) that suggested that the amount of each individual’s focusing resources is established by their appraisal of task-solving coping potential. The above theory has been adapted in various studies, one of them was measuring accomplishment in a demanding mental task. (Pecchinenda and Smith 1996) Pecchinenda and Smith’s study wanted to demonstrate the direct association between a cognitive task engagement and the appraisal of each individuals coping potential. Thus, subjects were presented by series of anagrams, that they were called to solve, in various circumstances whilst their GSR was continuously observed. The level of difficulty diverse between each anagram by either having an easy, moderately difficult and extremely difficult anagram as well as the amount of time available that participants had to solve it changed between 30 sec and 120 sec. Results showed that participants coping potential varied between them, since the perception that each subject experienced the situation was different. Paradigm, when an individual appraised their task-solving ability with having a high coping potential approached the task with the attempt to achieve their goal and successfully complete the task. On the contrary, people who appraised the situation as overwhelming and the â€Å"task as virtually impossible† (Pecchinenda and Smith, page 486) had low coping potential and therefore disengaged from the task. Hence, apposite to the skin conductance activity there was a general increase in the GSR levels when the task-solving trials were aligned with the participants’ engagement in the trials. However, this increase dropped dramatically when the anagrams level of difficulty was extremely demanding as a result of the paltry levels of task engagement. An interesting feature about this study th at shouldn’t be obscured was that the correlation between skin conductance activity and task engagement is not absolute. There are other aspects that might intrude and mislead this association. As in that the correlation between GSR and other components such as stress, perception of the circumstance, negative feelings etc resulted as having an impact on the GSR, Nikula (1991 cited in Pecchinenda and Smith 1996). Another related experiment was conducted by Bohlin (1976). Bohlin’s study manipulated the levels of arousal by having participants to response after a number of trials whilst they were in physiological habituation state. She divided the subjects into three groups, the first group were told to relax when listening to a tone, the second one were given arithmetic tasks to solve and the third one a threat of shock was added to the task performance. Results showed that the Shock-threat group had the highest mean in conductance level and the Relax group had the lowes t mean in GSR. Thus, this produces some evidence showing how  increases in task difficulty result in various increases in physiological arousal.

Trend and pattern of armed conflicts since the Cold War Essay

Trend and pattern of armed conflicts since the Cold War - Essay Example the period that followed ‘the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989 and the disintegration of the USSR in 1991’ (Colas et al. 2006, p.71). It is proved that the post-Cold War period has been characterized by the change in trends and patterns of armed conflicts internationally. It seems that the end of confrontation between the East and the West – as this confrontation has been developed through the Cold War – led to the beginning of new forms of armed conflicts in countries around the world; at the same time, certain forms of armed conflicts, as existed in the past, have still remained active; for instance, the Civil Wars (the Rwanda and the Sudan wars) and the Interstate armed conflicts (Gulf war). In any case, since the Cold War armed conflicts have been changed drastically, being characterized by the end of phenomena, like the short – term duration of conflicts and the fight towards a country’s enemy; armed conflicts in the post Cold-War era have been characterized by the development of terrorism, the control of Black market and the increase of their duration, in the context described below. 2. Armed conflicts in the post – Cold War era; trends and patterns 2.1 Conflict - overview In order to understand the change in the nature of armed conflicts since the Cold War it would be necessary to refer to the term ‘conflict’ as used today in order to describe the battles developed internationally. Traditionally, the term ‘conflict’, as a concept referring to military interventions, has been related to the following two missions: a) the protection of a country’s borders from invaders and b) the invasion in other countries and the occupation of their territory aiming to improve the invader’s strategic or economic position. Today, the term conflict describes a different situation: the use of weapons for protecting specific interests or to gain access to critical natural/ energy s ources. Of course, such conflicts existed also in the past – i.e. in the pre-Cold War period; however, at that period, these conflicts involved in countries and not in groups, as today. Reference should be made at this point to the categorization of armed conflicts, in order to understand the level of their effects internationally. Armed conflicts are likely to be categorized in accordance with the related deaths; in this context, the following three types of conflicts can be identified worldwide: a) the minor armed conflict – ‘at least 25 deaths annually’ (Feste 2003, p.153), b) the intermediate armed conflict –‘at least 1,000 deaths in total, but fewer than 1,000 deaths annually’ (Feste 2003, p.153) and c) the war – ‘at least 1,000 deaths annually’ (Feste 2003, p.153). On the other hand, armed conflicts can be state-based, i.e. supported – directly or indirectly – by the state, in terms of the partici pation of the national army; there is also the case of the non-state armed conflicts, which are developed among groups or communities without the active involvement of the local government. It should, further, noted that the state-based conflicts can be further categorized into interstate (between states), intrastate (within the state), extrastate (between the state and a group outside the state), the Civil wars and the state-formation conflicts; these categories must be taken into consideration when having to characterize and evaluate the type of armed

Leadership Methods and Skills Research Proposal

Leadership Methods and Skills - Research Proposal Example The appropriate leadership style applied to a specific situation and issue may help in understanding the participative decision-making and the motivations that induce such participation. Functional participation (Yukl, 1981)2 is present; when a leader has the authority to make a decision, the decision is made without stringent time limitation, subordinates have the relevant knowledge to discuss and implement the decision, subordinates' characteristics (values, attitudes, needs) are congruent with the decision to participate, and the leader is skilled in the use of participative techniques. Vroom & Yetton (1973) developed a normative model of leadership decision-making based on Maier's (1963) classification3. The Vroom-Yetton model is one of a number of contingency models designed to provide guidance for managers concerning when and how much subordinate participation should be used. The model focuses attention on the nature of decisions and attempts to designate conditions under which participation will be most successful. The Vroom-Yetton model might appropriately be classified as hierarchical control models that derive their principal assumption from the rational design view of organizations.

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees Assignment

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees - Assignment Example Parents without adopted children think adoption is a simple process whereby the adopted child has only to seek truth about his or her true parentage. This is not the correct because the child experiences other emotional and psychological effects. In this article, the author outlines common feelings adopted kids have. They feelings include a sense of loss and grief over real parentage, lack of control over life, curiosity about family heritage, feels abandoned, guilt, and fear of rejection. In addition, the writer mentions that the adopted children thinks about how life would have been with the birth parents, feels angered by real parent or adoptive ones and feels unworthy of love and fear getting emotionally involved with other people. However, due to the difference in the adoption situation, some children do not experience the feelings since they are at peace with the adoptive parents. They are exceptional. Despite this, parents should work hard to help children learn and cope with the emotions accompanying adoption

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room Essay

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room - Essay Example This study evaluated the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, that impact of operating room briefings on coordination of care. Data were prospectively collected in the cesarean section OR with C’ section patients and the outcome of eleven cases of patients undergoing this operation was gathered and analyzed after direct observation of the OR checklist was applied . Findings suggested that in the general operation room, the checklist was used. In contrast, in the operation room of the labor department,the checklist tool was not used . To increase the probability of achieving patient safety and minimal errors when implementing the use of checklist tool, such as World Health Organization’s Surgical Safety Checklist, the integration between OR members of the different professions and teamwork must be enhanced. Key words: checklist, WHO surgical safety checklist. . Introduction and statement of the problem The nursing leadership needed to evaluate the possibility of edu cating all the healthcare professionals on the use of a safety checklist and to gain an increased awareness of the challenges and solutions connect with such an effort. The obstetric patient safety CNS at Johns Hopkins Hospital wanted to study the reasons why the OR checklist was not being used. ... It also helps to improve communication and guarantee safe and standardized procedure, by this means minimizing error. Overcoming barrier to implementation of the checklist in the OR was growing. Lack of using the checklist therefore led to the increase of the above mentioned defects. The organization started testing the checklist over a year ago and they provided information for all caregivers teams regarding their attitudes toward the use of a surgical checklist. Still not all team members related that they were aware of the checklist and its purpose and they were not using the resource. The use of the checklist did not become part of the culture of the unit. Some team members were / and are resistant to checklists. Support for use of apre-operative checklist to increase patient safety has been described. In a study by Nilsson, Lindbergt, Gupta &Vegfros (2010), staff awareness of the benefit of the use of a checklist and attitudes towards the use of a checklist improved after one ye ar. Assessment Organizational need According to JHU nursing leadership, there was a need for all OB and OR team members know each other as the research supported that this would make people more willing to speak up if they perceived a certain problem during the case. The team members also needed to have a shared mental model regarding the scope of the case and the plan of care for the patient after the case. It was viewed that most nurses did not make good use of the checklist. The use of the checklist also goes a long way in helping the nurses remember to cover all the basics. This is because not everyone has the ability to memorize all that is required. The operating rooms are highly procedural environments that require surgical teams to be very meticulous (Hayes, 2012). Clinical

Discrimination and Domestic Violence against Women in America Essay

Discrimination and Domestic Violence against Women in America - Essay Example Gender-based violence is global and varies from one society to another only in scope; the United States is not an exception. The United Nations Declaration on Violence against Women defines gender based violence as: â€Å"Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life" (Article 1) The scope of forms of discrimination is huge and includes, though is not limited to forced abortion, forced pregnancy, prostitution and sterilization, rape, domestic and community violence, sexual abuse of female children, sexual harassment, intimidation at work and social institutions, marital rape. All these forms can be grouped into broader sections: socio-cultural discrimination and violence, discrimination at work, and, finally, home abuse. The dramatic influence on women and society in general of any type of discrimination can hardly be overestimated, while the reasons underneath and direct course of actions to be taken are still not clear and hardly will ever be. When it comes to speaking about socio-cultural discrimination, the majority does not realize to what extent beliefs termed â€Å"culture† shape women’s lives and the understanding of the personal role in society. Cultural values rooted in unequal distribution of power between women and men limit, subordinate and discriminate female population; traditions formed for centuries become a justification for  denial of basic human rights, the principle of equality is challenged when it comes to women. Cultural discrimination that women experience in the USA can hardly be compared to India or Iraq: â€Å"Kajal Khidr was accused of adultery by her husband's family and held hostage by six family members in Iraqi Kurdistan. Kajal Khidr was tortured and mutilated; family members cut off part of her nose and told her she would be killed after the birth of her child.†Ã‚  

Comparative Research Paper of Atman and Anatta Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative of Atman and Anatta - Research Paper Example The term atman is explained in the Upanishads, a collection of philosophical writings written in the period 800-600 BC which provide the underpinning of many Hindu beliefs. Kupperman explains the concept of atman as â€Å"our intuitive sense of an unchanging ‘me’ throughout life †¦ a core of self that has no individual nature of elements that grow and change †¦ a core that underlies (and is separate from) personality, thought patterns, bodily form and so forth† (11). This self is also part of something bigger: â€Å"The Upanishads teach that self and cosmos are one, repeatedly stating that one’s atman is inseparable from all that there is.†(Hamilton, 28). This is a complex theory which tries to understand the inner nature of all beings and things in the universe, and postulates that the universe is â€Å"a field of inner realities that are all at bottom the same†¦ in somewhat the way that a drop of water is the ocean of which it is a part.† (Kupperman, 11). Another way of describing this is the concept of Brahman. This early Hindu way of thinking has implications for the way that people understand themselves and their goals in life: â€Å"Thus, the highest good is self-recognition, not as one’s individual self, but as the larger all-encompassing self that is atman. Atman is not distinctively individual. Atman is immortal and impersonal.† (Solomon, 87). Both human beings and the myriad of Hindu gods and goddesses share in this mixture of specifically personal qualities, which are changeable, and this core selfhood, which is divine and permanent. The related concept of anatta is the Pali language version of the Sanskrit anatman, and it means not-self, or not-soul. It originates in the teachings of Buddha who lived in Northern regions of the Indian subcontinent in the region now known as Nepal. Anatta is one of the key concepts which distinguishes Buddhist thinking from the older Hindu tradition. In some ways it also

Aristotle and Cicero Understanding of Friendship Research Paper

Aristotle and Cicero Understanding of Friendship - Research Paper Example The same would be done in light of their famous sayings and quotations. Discussion One of the biggest differences between Aristotle and Cicero’s understanding of friendship is the fact that Aristotle has gone on to divide friendship into three categories based on the motivations and predispositions behind the friendship. The first type of friendship, according to Aristotle is friendship based on utility. Elderly people and the ones in the Middle Ages having a common ground would engage in such friendships since the circumstances are such that they are able to derive utility out of their friendship. However, utility is not permanent and as soon as utility vanishes, so does the friendship. The second type of friendship is based on pleasure, which takes place amongst people in the early years and the adult life where they are seeking pleasure and entertainment from the people around them. These friendships do not last for long because as soon as the taste of the people changes, t hey prefer to look for new friends who match their current taste (Price, 1990). However, the third type of friendship based on goodness and virtue where both the friends are virtuous. Their goodness binds each other and hopes the best for his friend. As Aristotle says, â€Å"The best friend is the man who in wishing me well wishes it for my sake.† (Pangle, 2003) These friendships are long lasting and enduring but at the same time difficult to find. The bond between true friends is so strong that that Aristotle has gone to refer that as, â€Å"A true friend is one soul in two bodies† (Stern-Gillet, 1995) Cicero has also endorsed many of these ideas of Aristotle, as it is evident from the following sayings of Cicero. â€Å"For how many things, which for our own sake we should never do, do we perform for the sake of our friends† â€Å"The rule of friendship means there should be mutual sympathy between them, each supplying what the other lacks and trying to benefi t the other, always using friendly and sincere words.† â€Å"A friend is, as it were, a second self† (Cicero & Shuckburgh, 2007) However, when Aristotle defines the highest and the most delightful form of friendship as the one based on goodness and virtue, Cicero has a different dimension for the same. As he says, â€Å"As in the case of wines that improve with age, the oldest friendships ought to be the most delightful† (Cicero, 2006) Cicero shares many similarities in his definition and concept of true friendship but when Aristotle has not mentioned anything but virtue as the prime element of to determine the delight, intimacy and rank of friendship, Cicero believes that, it is the time, which makes the difference in friendship. Quite understandably, over the period, friends develop a greater and more meaningful understanding amongst each other that compliments their friendship (Pangle, 2003). Another distinction between Aristotle and Cicero views on friendship could be the level of importance that they assign to friendship and its existence in the running of society. Cicero says, â€Å"Friendship is nothing else than an accord in all things, human and divine, conjoined with mutual goodwill and affection. â€Å"Thus nature has no love for solitude, and always leans, as it were, on some support; and the sweetest support is found in the most intimate friendship (Price, 1990) Although, Cicero endorses the concept that friendship is present in nature and in fact, nature in itself is a

Student-Centred Educational Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Student-Centred Educational Philosophy Essay Educational Philosophy 1. 1 Introduction There are five main philosophical schools of thought in education which are essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, existentialism and reconstructionism. However, here I have only chosen the philosophies which believe in student-centred approach. There are three philosophies that hold the similarity of being less authoritarian and placing the students as the centre in learning process. These three philosophies reject essentialism and do not agree with traditional mediums of teaching. They are recontructionism, progressivism, and existentialism 1. Reconstructionism Reconstructionism is an important contribution of Theodore Brameld in the world of educational philosophy. Brameld in his book, ‘Education as Power’, says â€Å"education has two major roles: to transmit culture and to modify culture. In reconstructionism, education is seen as a way to bring out positive changes in society. The educational purpose of reconstructionism is to create social reform in which education serves as a mean to make people view society with a critical eye. Learners should never settle for what is but have to do critical thinking and dream of what should be. This branch of philosophy strives for a constant and positive change for the betterment of the society. A famous reconstructivionist, Paulo Freire (1921-1997) sees teaching and learning as a process of inquiry in which the child must invent and reinvent the world. Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) and Paulo Freire (1921-1997) . Source: Google Image. The goal of reconstructionist learning is that the students themselves should conceive the good future. The students receive education as a preparation for their role in the future. Therefore, it is important for students to experience and taking social action on actual problems. Students should be willing to spend time in the community to learn its problems. Rote learning, memorization and direct-method are not preferable in recontructionism. Besides, reconstructionist students should possess a high sense of duty towards society. They are then are expected to be the leaders of reformation in society to form an observant, inquisitive, open-minded and highly capable society. As education should prepare students to become agents for change, reconstructionism philosophy believes that teachers must convince their students of the validity and urgency of the reconstructionist solution. However, teachers must do so with scrupulous scrutiny for democratic procedures. At the same time, learning process should enable the learners to be in control of their own fate and able to make social reform. 1. 2 Progressivism Source: Google Image Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called pragmatism. John Dewey refined pragmatism and applied to education, which later became known as progressivism. Progressivism believes that school should encourage cooperation, not competition. According to Dewey, democracy and freedom are far superior to the traditional political ideas. He viewed progressive schools as a working model of democracy. In curriculum, progressivism also holds the same view as reconstructinism which the selection of subject content depends on the skills that will be needed in future society. This is because knowledge taught must help people to adapt to change. Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental. In Progressivism, education is not to prepare students to live; it should be life itself. Learning should focus on understanding and action, not rote knowledge. Thus, it is believed that problem solving is the most effective way. As similar to reconstructinisim philosophy, progressivism prefers varied learning resources and it also views the best way to learn is through direct experience with the environment. As this philosophy puts more concern on students, teacher is seen as an advisor, not a director. The progressive teacher aids students in learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to answer them. The answers are discovered from real world experience instead of mere reading or theories. 1. 3 Existentialism Among the three philosophies, existentialism has the highest degree of importance on the learners. Soren Kierkegaard is considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher though he himself did not use the term. He proposed that each individual is solely responsible for giving meaning to life. It is Jean Paul Sartres that formulates the term existentialism. Existentialists argued that traditional approaches to philosophy do not adequately respect the uniqueness of each individual. This philosophy is against the views of any existence of authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. In existentialism, it is strongly believed that every individual is responsible to decide what is true or false† and right or wrong, Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855). Source: Google Image. The educational goal of existentialism is education should challenge people to create personal meanings of their own design which means that the others’ interpretations should not be imposed on them. Learning activities will be organized around students requests. Although existentialist educators provide some curricular structure, students have great latitude in their choice of subject matter. In an existentialist curriculum, students are given a wide variety of options. The curriculum often emphasizes the humanities as to provide students with experiences that will in developing creativity and self-expression. However, there is no rigidness of curriculum. As Learners should have a voice in deciding how the school operates, school is not the institution for transmitting the core culture, but as a experimental lab for students to realize their individuality before improving the society at a larger extend. Education should emphasize field trips and experiential learning as ways to help the youth explore the world and seek their own meaning. The role of teachers is to expose students to many ways and life options in helping them defining their own essence. Besides, teachers facilitate students by creating a stress free classroom with positive atmosphere. Existentialism centres vast concern on students with high respect to their personal perspectives and freedom more than any other educational philosophy. 2. 0 Teaching Approach 2. 1 Introduction In teaching English as a second language (ESL) classroom, there are a variety of teaching methods and approaches. Over the years, many different teaching approaches have been developed to match students’ need. Here is student-centred method that concerns more on students during educational process. Therefore, this approach acknowledges and agrees with the three philosophies mentioned earlier. 2. 2 Communicative approach. Communicative approach is a famous and recent approach in ESL learning. In fact, many ESL books seem to claim that they are based on this approach. The communicative approach is believed to have taken place in language learning in the 1970s. The pressure was put on educators when there was a rise in the number of people wanting to learn foreign language for personal reasons. Many of the teachers realized the importance of switching their traditional teaching method towards a better method that prefers application of language in an active learning environment. In ESL class, communicative approach believes that learning of language is most successful when learners are involved in real communication as they can develop natural strategies in language acquisition. As a result, there will be more emphasis on skills than systems. The syllabus is based on functional development not structural development. In communicative approach, teachers will not do drilling or repetition method but focus on constructing real life situations in classroom. This agrees with reconstructionism philosophy that is to bring the world inside the classroom. Therefore, teachers will vary the use of authentic materials. Communicative approach believes that teachers will have to maximize the opportunities for learners to communicate. Students are encouraged to interact with one another, doing given tasks in pairs on in groups. This is in unison with progressivism understanding that school should encourage cooperation, not competition. Teachers are only there to monitor and facilitate them without interference and give feedbacks after they have done. This is also in par with progressivism philosophy that is teachers are rather advisors, not directors. As students learn through trial and error process, teachers of communicative approach should always tolerate mistakes. It is important for teachers of communicative approach to apply tactfulness and creativity in teaching. . 3 Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is not a new approach in ESL methodology but a medium which helps English teachers to be more affective and engaging with students. Since the 1960s, computers have been used for language teaching. CALL is a tool that combines many advantages such as enabling students to have experiential learning, motivation, achievement, authentic materials for studyin g, wider interaction, individualization pace, greater source of information, and global understanding. There are three main stages for CALL. As CALL can be successfully applied not only for grammar practice but also for communicative activities, communicative CALL has been established in 1970 with the spread of communicative approach. For reconstructionists, bringing real life problems or issues to students is important in learning process. CALL helps in facilitating the students to be involved in the actual situation. Decision making, asking for advice, agreeing and disagreeing, and compromising with friends are some tasks that need authentic settings. Internet especially social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Skype and blogs connects the students with people of all around the world. Thus, students who are second language users of English can even communicate with native speakers and polish communicative skill in English. Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) provides an effective learning environment. The advancement of speech and language technologies has opened new perspectives on CALL. Students can practice in an interactive manner using multi-media content. CALL inherently supports students’ autonomy, which places the students firmly in control so that they can decide their own goal and pace in self-learning. Therefore, students have the freedom in learning and this agrees with existentialism philosophy that students should create their own personal meanings through education. Source: Google Image It has been described in reconstructionism philosophy that teachers must be familiar with the constant change. Students of 21st century are knowledgeable in the use of computer and web learning. Y-generation is equipped with modern gadgets and most of the students are even more advance in technology than their teachers. Thus, teachers of modern approach should update themselves with recent developments of technology. By using Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) as a tool in teaching, teachers can help students become more involved in the task and monitor students’ progress with the help of computer. 4. 0 Personal Educational Philosophy 4. 1 Introduction My very own educational philosophy is my answers about why, what and how I will be teaching, and about the nature of learning and teaching. It is my personal set of principles that guides my professional actions now and surely later in life when I become a teacher. As I read and learn educational philosophies of the Western scholars, I realize the importance of having my own school of thought. My life experiences, values, environment and interactions are the aspects that will continuously shape my personal philosophy in education. 4. 2 Influence of educational philosophies Educational philosophy that attracts me the most is progressivism. To a certain extent, I also agree with reconstructionism and existentialism. As we can notice, these philosophies centre on students during teaching and learning process. When I was a school student, I had always love teachers who acknowledge students’ opinions and attend to their students’ questions with patience and compassion. This kind of teachers receives back the love, trust and respect that they put on students. I believe that educators who are authoritative and using traditional approach are boring and fail to develop intimate relationship with their students. This will then affect the sharing of knowledge between the teachers and their students. Other than that, progressivism is in accordance with my own view of life. I believe that life is a continuous educational process. As I explained earlier, progressivist believes education is not to prepare students to live; it should be life itself. We can never stop learning as we pick up new things every single day, be it useful ones or not. Learning process is not limited to the syllabus or fixed curriculum at school, but a thorough process covering almost everything we do for betterment of self. Coincidently, we improve our society and our nation at large. This agrees with reconstructionism which aims for social reformation for more positive change. 4. 3 Defining Education in own words Education is an eternal process in bringing out the best in ourselves and others, be it formally or informally which results in positive development of every individual in terms of thinking and action. Learning and teaching are two inter-dependent mechanisms that make up education. Learning is self-seeking enlightenment and progression which take place with the help of guidance while teaching is sharing of ideas and insights to grow new and more powerful wisdom. Education is never to build competition with other people around but within oneself. It is also a tool to free human beings from hatred and sufferings. Education is also the reasoning of the past and a way of fulfilling future dreams and hopes. Elaboration: My personal meaning of education implicitly tells my philosophy of education. It shows how I perceive education which acts as a baseline on my actions. It is clear that I view the purpose of education as a lasting way to be better in life. It is never limited to what I learn formally but covers everything that I do that helps in self-betterment. I believe learning is self-seeking progression which means nobody has the power to force someone to learn unless that person is willing to seek knowledge. I also believe teaching is sharing which means it is a two way process. Other than that, from the above philosophy, I suggest that education is not to create competition with others but within oneself which means we have to aim to be better than yesterday, not to be better than other people. I also view education as a hope to bring peace and happiness in this world as it widens our perspective. Lastly, I see education as a present gift that helps in accepting the past wholeheartedly and building the strength of tomorrow. 4. 4 Methods My personal educational philosophy is in accordance with communicative approach that has been explained earlier. As a future ESL (English as a second language) teacher, teaching language means to share and apply the knowledge of English with others. It is important to motivate my students to communicate efficiently in English by building a strong rapport with them and being a good role model to the students. I will create a pressure-free class so that students feel comfortable to speak and voice out opinions. Learning language is not just a matter of knowing grammatical structure but also as a medium to share about cultures and develop values. I would like to set an enjoyable and active learning environment for the students in classroom. This can be done by doing a handful of games and activities but imparting the knowledge altogether. Some activities that I can do for the students are role-playing, debating, guessing games, quizzes with rewards and many others. A lot of the time, I will let the students do their task in pairs of groups so that they can interact and share ideas with one another. As language is inseparable with the real world, I will encourage the students to use the language outside the class and school compound. The use CALL (Computer-assisted Language Learning) is also vital. Therefore, my students will be encouraged to communicate in virtual world such as blog and Facebook. I can venture into my students’ thoughts more personally and make it easier for me to facilitate them in their progress. At the end of the day, the main objective which to improve the students’ level of English can be achieved successfully. At the same time, the students have also flourished their minds with positive thinking and developed learning skills to be use throughout life. They are then become the future generation whom is excellent and competent both locally and internationally. 4. 4 Conclusion There is no general agreement on what human beings ought to learn in order to have the best in life. There will also be continuous debate whether education should focus on cognitive development or character development first. I have also aware that there are different needs and styles given by different group of students. Thus, I may have to vary and adapt my methods when encountering my student at different level. The tendency to stick to merely one philosophy among all other philosophies discussed may bring flaws. Thus, a variety of teaching methods and adapting my philosophy over time are highly required.

Given Name and Passport Information Booklet Essay Example for Free

Given Name and Passport Information Booklet Essay

Early Psychology And Introspection Psychology Essay

Early Psychology And Introspection Psychology Essay The question of whether psychology is a science persists. John Broadus Watson ignited this topic, offering strong evidence in pursuits of establishing psychology as an empirical science. Today, some psychologists reject the idea that psychology is a science at all, while others who agree weigh heavily on the role of behavior. Historically, traditional views on psychology have been unscientific. Offering an alternative view, the central idea in behaviorism is the prediction and control of behavior. Although controversial, the evidence for behaviorism, its contribution to the field, research, and treatment of disorders is undeniable. This paper addresses a history of behaviorism, with focus on the viewpoint and contribution of John B. Watson. Additionally, behaviorisms application to the field of clinical psychology is discussed. Keywords: behaviorism, learning, classical conditioning Behaviorism: A History of John B. Watson and Contributions to Clinical Psychology The interest in knowing and understanding human behavior is deeply rooted within historical philosophies and persists today. The desire to obtain tangible evidence in order to measure ones actions, thoughts, and emotions paved many ideas, including John Broadus Watsons revolutionary theory of Behaviorism (Hart Kristonis, 2006). Before he established behaviorism, Watson considered learning as one of the most important factors of psychology and established it as a central topic for basic research and application of American psychology (Rilling, 2000). Dissatisfied with the view that psychology focused on the mind, he dedicated his career to establishing psychology as a valid science. His dedication to learning and establishment of behaviorism shed light on several important clinical issues such as mental health disorders, drug addiction and phobias. In regards to theory, Watson is credited for having brought validity to some of the psychoanalytic concepts such as the role of early chi ldhood experiences, relationships, and the effects of trauma. His interest and dedication to uncovering psychopathology led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses and an explanation for learning of feared behaviors (Rilling, 2000). Today, the contribution of Watson is undeniable. Therapies with strong behavioral components are utilized and applicable to many disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a history of Watsons behaviorism emphasizing the foundations of his work through his viewpoint. In addition to history, behaviorist contribution within the field of psychology and modern clinical psychology utilization are discussed. Historical Roots of Behaviorism Science originally developed within, and eventually navigated away from philosophy. Before astronomy and physics understood phenomena through observation, philosophers used God as the means to reason and conclude about the universe (Baum, 1994). Philosophers weighed heavily on Gods contribution to living and nonliving organisms, referencing the soul as the force of life. The Enlightenment saw substantial contributions to science as philosophers such as Galileo and Newton uncovered scientific truth through observation (Baum, 1994). Emphasizing data, early physiologists such as William Harvey conceptualized the body as a machine, discovering in which the heart functioned like a pump, circulating blood through tissues, arteries and veins (Baum, 1994). In addition, Charles Darwins theory of evolution radically debunked the bibles accounts of the creation and offered a new explanation that left out God (Baum, 1994). As astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology began to break away from phi losophical thought, so did the field of psychology. Early Psychology and Introspection Late nineteenth century labeled psychology as the science of mind. The field of psychology emerged as a discipline through Wilhelm Wundts laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 (Moore, 2011). In his work, Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness was the appropriate subject for psychology, conducting experiments within areas now known as sensation and perception. Following Wundt, Titcheners structuralism, focused on sensations, images, and feelings, researched by drawing inferences from participants introspective reports and reaction times, indicating which sensations were higher or lower in the structure of consciousness (Moore, 2011). An alternative functionalism employed similar methods as structuralists but emphasized the function of conscious mental phenomena. For example, functionalists might use reaction times to study how childrens conscious mental phenomena developed over time, in efforts to provide individual education services (Moore, 2011). Concerns manifeste d in practical applications of either theory, and a lack of reliability. Introspection as a method was particularly problematic. For instance, concerning the lack of reliability, research findings with the introspective method were not often replicated with other participants or in other laboratories (Moore, 2011). Problems with Psychology The major emphasis of contention for Watson within psychology was introspection, specifically within the theories of structuralism and functionalism. Structuralist and functionalist views incorporated introspection to understand the contents and function of consciousness, using it as data in forming conclusions about human behavior (Carr, 1930; Boring, 1954). Unlike scientific method, Watson believed that introspection was biased towards the individual, had unreliable methods and formed baseless speculations (Baum, 1994; Watson, 1913). Further, he discarded introspective methods due to their inapplicability to animals, believing that the fundamentals of human behavior may be better explained through animal experiments. He rejected both theories, due to his belief that they lacked the applicability, consistency and logic for the more pressing issues within the field (Mills, 1999; Watson; 1913). To Watson, the introspective aspects of consciousness (feeling, choice, judgment) had not d emonstrated functional use, were unreliable and impossible to verify in an experimental setting (Boring, 1954). Behaviorist Psychology Watson grew frustrated with psychology defined as science of consciousness, attributing to psychologys failure in becoming a true science (Watson, 1913). It was in his 1913 publication Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, that he stated his intentions to change the subject of psychology from consciousness to behavior, replacing introspective methods with objective approaches. For him, the goal of behaviorist psychology was in the prediction and control of behavior (Goss, Watson, 1913; 1924; Rilling, 2000). From his point of view, behavior is a function of stimulating conditions within in the environment and characteristics (e.g., drive states, hereditary, habit, emotions) within the organism, later defining behaviorism as stimulus-response, or S-R (Wozniak, 1997; Watson, 1919). According to him, behavior consists of motor and glandular responses to sensory stimuli (sensorimotor) (Woodworth, 1959). A stimulus arouses activity in one or more receptors, exciting nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord where outgoing nerve currents are excited in the motor and glandular nerves with resulting excitation of muscles and glands. Whatever organizational activity is taking place, it is present in the brain and spinal cord, and should not be attributed to higher processes (Woodworth, 1959). Watson formally ruled introspection out of psychology and urged for applicable undertakings within psychology, beneficial to the legal, educational, medical and business arenas (Boring, 1954; Watson, 1913; Mills, 1999). For the first time behaviorism was given definitive goals, methods and parameters.   The structure that Watson illustrated for the behaviorism was a discipline based heavily in rationalist thought, and on the precept that learning, and habit is the major influence on development (Rilling, 2000; King, Viney, Woody, 2009). Thinking and Language. Watson believed that the causes of behavior were within the environment rather than the mind (Markey, 1925). In his 1919 book Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Watson rejected the concept of mind completely, extending all of his behaviorist views to introspective activities, such as language and thinking (Markey, 1925). According to him, thinking a mental process, is actually an overt behavior nothing more than sub-vocal speaking, or silent talking (Watson, 1920). Thinking is a verbal process where expressive movements (gestures) serve as substitution of words. In the study of human behavior, Watsons views on language explained consciousness and awareness as an objective mechanistic process. Higher order processing (e.g., expression of the face, hands, shoulders), fulfill the symbolic character necessary in language. Our whole body comes to be part of the language mechanism providing a basis for imagery, reasoning, and thought (Watson, 1920). To Freud, Watson proposed a behavioristic translation of the unconscious, stating that situations where language is covert, or un-verbalized is the unconscious, where overt language, speaking is the state of conscious (Goss, 1961; Watson, 1928). In summary, thinking, where learning is involved, is a trial-and-error process dependent upon motor expression and language (Watson, 1920). As the 20th century sought to uncover the actual mechanisms of learning, Watson discovered the opportunity to extend learning experiments to psychologists (Rilling, 2000). Central to his theory was the concept of habits. Watson believed that personality, like language also developed through a system of habit and conditioning, beginning immediately after birth. Furthermore, he believed that pathology depended on the environment, normal personality is a function of healthy upbringing, while weaknesses in person were related to trauma, or punishment (King et al., 2009). Behaviorists avoid terms such as normal and abnormal, because t hese words imply an absolute distinction between health and sickness (Roberts, 2012). Watson argued in which mental illness was a product of environmental conditioning, and is best illustrated through his famous work on fear conditioning (King et al., 2009). Contributions of Classical Conditioning. Like Pavlov, Watson believed in observing and training physical responses to stimuli without referencing the mind, allowing animal and human behavior to be interpreted similarly (Markey, 1925). Based on the animal experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Watson applied classical conditioning experiments in efforts to study human behavior and create an objective science. Watsons interest in animal learning provided him a tool for controlling behavior, preempting his widely recognized conditioning experiment of Albert B. Cited within psychologys history, Watson demonstrated the impact of classical conditioning to human emotional behavior (Harris, 1979; Watson Rayner, 1920). The goal of conditioning A.B. to fear a white rat by paring it with the presentation of a noise led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses. Initially, A.B. did not display fear, however once rat and noise were paired and repeatedly presented, fear developed. After several presentations of rat and noise, a new respo nse, crying, was noticed, generalizing his fear response to new stimuli that appeared similar to the rat (Watson Rayner, 1920). Watsons clarification of psychopathology to the detection of conditioned emotional responses is proclaimed as his major contribution to the field of psychology (Rilling, 2000). Literature cites A.Bs conditioning as a model of psychopathology (e.g., specific phobia) and is often implemented within discussion of systematic desensitization as treatment for phobia (Harris, 1979; Eysenck, 1960). Through his theory and research, Watsons behaviorism unquestionably provided major contributions to the field of applied psychology. Behaviorism generated behavior therapy, developing behavior management techniques for children with autism and token economies for the management of severe mental illness (Spiegler Guevremont, 2010). Due to Watsons work, the areas of legal forensic psychology blossomed and continues have utility in courtroom matters (e.g., reliability of eyewitness testimony, fitness to stand trial) (Rilling, 2000). Due to the behaviorists, personality and development were given credit as the result of interaction between genetics and experience, holding true for abnormal and normal development (Roberts, 2012). In conclusion, Psychology is defined as the science of behavior. Supported through the works of John B. Watson, his passion and contribution to the field of psychology, the relevance of behaviorism is a permanent in the field of applied psychology.

Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Deduction and Induction Analysis of Cigarette Smoking Smoking: Deduction Cigarette smoking causes cancer, which leads to death. Nicotine is one of the many chemicals found in the tobacco plant used in cigarettes. It reacts with the brain resulting in addiction. Nicotine enters the body and is transported to the brain; chemically, it stimulates the brain to produce more adrenaline, which in turn gives the body a surge of energy. One the effects of nicotine lessen, the brain functions are disrupted and therefore it counter acts by sending out signals to obtain more. The craving for the same level of adrenaline during nicotine activity can only increase and thus becomes an addiction. In its natural state, nicotine is a clear liquid but when burned acquires a brown color resembling tar. Cancer is the results of a malfunction in cells. In the working cell cycle, cells that are incorrectly produced or are damaged will end up in the stage of apoptosis or cell death. If there is a malfunction with the p53 gene and it cannot recognize the damage within a cell, the cell does not go into apoptosis and is left to replicate. Over time the damage cells proliferate in such a great number and do not died resulting in a mass or â€Å"clump† of cells that is dangerous to the tissue. This clump of cells interferes with the function of the tissue, which can lead to the death of healthy cells surrounding them. This area is known as the cancer site. Smoking cigarettes introduces the chemical nicotine into the body, raising the adrenaline levels to over work the body. The tolerance level of nicotine increases, as more of the chemical is consume which leads to addiction. The addiction of this chemical increases the amount of cigarettes smoked. The inhalation of the chemical along with other harmful substances that are trapped within the cells walls. The substances disturb the normal function of the cells and damage the p53 gene. These damage cells do not go through apoptosis and proliferates endlessly. The large amount of tissues affects and kills the working cells thereby damaging the tissue. Therefore, smoking cigarettes is the direct caused of death due to lung cancer. Smoking: Induction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The NIDA quotes that â€Å"Tobacco kills more than 430,000 U.S. citizens each year-more than alcohol, cocaine, heroin, homicide, suicide, car accidents, fire, and AIDS combined.†[1] Many researches have found that the tobacco substances found in cigarettes are carcinogens that cause cancers.

Repatriation: Africa in the Horizon :: essays papers

Repatriation: Africa in the Horizon The idea of the repatriation of Blacks to Africa is a theme that runs deeply within Rastafarian beliefs. Although the concept of Ethiopia being the true and glorious home of all Blacks is imbedded in Rastafarian beliefs, the idea dates much farther back in history. Dating back to the African slave trade beginning in the eighteenth century, Ethiopianism has influenced the Black race dramatically. People such as Marcus Garvey have raised the world’s awareness of the oppression of the Black race and his solution of repatriation. Garvey believed that if Blacks could have a land of their own, where they could prosper and gain power then the world would have to respect this nation and it’s people. (Barrett, 1997, P.68-69) Contrary to the original idea of actual movement to Africa, recently a new idea has surfaced about repatriation. This idea is that repatriation should begin with internal liberation and a connection with Africa. Therefore, instead of a literal movement to Africa it is a mental connection to Africa. (Barrett, 1997, P.172) Repatriation is a complex idea that is understood in several different ways. The underlying principle of repatriation is that Blacks have faith and hope in overcoming centuries of oppression by reconnecting to their roots and a time of prosperity. Repatriation is not only a religious belief for Rastafarians but it also has served as a worldwide theme of Black Nationalism and unification. Not all Africans that were taken from Africa and sold in "The New World" were from Ethiopia, but that is the designated destination of the repatriation movements. The most obvious reason for this is because it was in Ethiopia that Haile Selassie ruled. This would explain why Rastafarians would desire to repatriate to Ethiopia. The following quote explains the Rastafarian connection to Ethiopia. Ithiopia represents a tangible reality within the transitory flesh; spirit more powerful than flesh, the reality of the indestructible Irit, the umbilical chord of creation rooted in the core of the personality, the illusive link with Jah and the breaking asunder of the psychosociological bonds of mental slavery which have pauperised and plagued West Indian psyche for 400 years in the Diaspora. (Faristzaddi) Another reason why Ethiopia is the destination for repatriation is that historically it is revered as the home of one of the most advanced civilizations. Historians believe that Ethiopians and Egyptians were the same people and that they were members of the Black race.

School Violence Essay -- School Violence Essays

On April 20, 1999 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold opened fire on Columbine Highschool killing twelve fellow classmates and one teacher. School violence changes our youths morals. From bullying to peer pressure, youth are exposed to school violence everyday. What is school violence? School violence varies from accounts of â€Å"death, homicide, suicide, weapon related violence, in the US.† (c1) School violence can occur to and from school, while attending a school sponsored event, on a bus, or at an activity. Violence in school goes back to the 1800s’. The first publicly funded schools for delinquents was built in Massachussettes during 1847. In 1899 Illinois â€Å"established the first statewide court for children†. During the 1900s’ â€Å"progressive education movements challenge, emphasized on strict discipline in public schools†. (b19) In the 1940s’ teachers still supported the use of progressive education, but there was an uproar in juvenile delinquency after World War Two. The 1960s’ courts expanded the use of human rights and process protections to students. School began to hire security, and monitoring devices, to protect schools from vandalism, and burglary. The 1990s’ sparked congress to create a â€Å"gun-free school zone†(b18), by making it illegal to bring guns within 1,000 feet of any school. In 1995 violence for juveniles reached the top at a rapid growth, then declined. Violence has become the growing problem in the United States today. School violence is the se...

‘Good Friday’ by Edwin Morgan

‘Good Friday’ by Edwin Morgan In this essay I will show how Edwin Morgan uses different poetic techniques to highlight central themes in the poem. The poem is about a slightly drunk working class man Morgan encounters on a public bus in Glasgow at Easter. One of the main themes with features in this poem is religion, in particular about how society is becoming more secular. The title ‘Good Friday’ immediately refers to the date Jesus was crucified, bringing religion into the poem from the start. Also, ‘3 o’clock’ is the time Jesus is thought to have died, another biblical reference.The fact that the man is going to get ‘Some Easter eggs for the kiddies’, but isn’t really sure at all about the relevance of them to the holiday he is celebrating, shows that they have no real relevance to him even though he is spending money on them, though to Christians, they symbolise the stone covering the tomb where Christ was buried. It shows how religion has faded, and busine sses commercialise these holidays for profit. Another key theme in the poem is social-class; in particular how the fact that this man is working class affects the way he treats the holidays.The man explains ‘I’ve had a wee drink’, but the way he ‘flops’ into the seat suggests differently. He must have seen a difference between himself and Morgan because he feels the need to explain ashamedly, almost, ‘I like to celebrate when I’m no working’, and the way his speech is broken up suggests embarrassment, ‘I don’t say it’s right -I’m no saying it’s right – ye understand – ye understand? ’ The repetition of the question shows he feels pressurized; he doesn’t want to be judged, and it shows an eagerness to be approved.It shows that even by appearances he can see the line between himself and Morgan, and in saying ‘You’re an educatit man,’ he is sort of putt ing himself down, sounding as though he thinks he is below Morgan. He gives off the impression of being slightly angry, and emotional, when he says ‘Its been seen time and time again, the working man has nae education’. He describes himself as ‘bliddy ignorant’. His emotional, chatty persona may partly be because of the ‘wee drink’ he has had, the aftermath has left him feeling slightly depressed.The Scottish dialect that Morgan uses for the drunken man also give the poem a sense of place, the ‘fae’, ‘aye’, and ‘wasny’, all give the impression a Glaswegian man, as well as the poor sentence structure, ‘rose fae the dead like, see what I mean? ’. It further adds to the impression that the working-class man is poorly educated. The verbs that are used ‘lurches’, ‘flops’, ‘lunges’, and ‘swings’ are all quite erratic and violent movements, and the fact that the poem is in the present tense add to that feeling of immediacy and make you feel in the poem.At the end, the structure of the last sentence, ‘On very nearly steady legs’ could be describing the man’s movements as he steps off of the bus, because the words are used as a sort of calligram, the words look like steps. In conclusion, ‘Good Friday’ is a poem in which strong poetic techniques such as speech, verbs, repetition, and symbolism , and they are used to highlight central themes in the poem such as social class issues, and the way society is becoming increasingly secular.

Medical Claims Examiner or Claims Officer Training and Development Needs

Prep ared By Solomon Sawerh PetteyOrganisation Osu Klottey NHIS view Osu, Accra Ghana Medical accepts quizzer orClaims federal agencyr training & organic evolution trigger Significant achievements have been made at arresting potential asseverate think challenges which threatened NHIS sustainability, but the claims still watch coming in fast with change magnitude work load. The offices of applied science and claim officers to impressively manage claims also continue to enhance with meaningful results.This document therefore aims to use a scientific management admittance to intend the training and development call for of claims officers, which can further enhance the effective and efficient management of claims. Case in Point Claims officers need to have genuine companionship, skills and abilities to examine checkup claims effectively. The psyche is what is the on-line(prenominal) content gap of knowledge, skills and abilities? The work of medical claim exam ination and approval are critical and complex and this lends support to the question above.The research aims to determine the training and development needs of claims officers by examining levels of education, professional downplay and prior knowledge of claims vetting and ways to determine the impact of training. Focus get out be on the claim officers perspective of needs, outgo approach to close capacity gaps, and break out enhancement of NHIA activities towards the improving upon the performance of claim officers.About 70% of NHIS claims have been projected to be processed electronically, but leveraging technology in terms of claims management will not adequately address the capacity deficit, unless the manpower is well equipped to apply meaningfully towards the rrealization of the companys strategic goals. Approach Benchmarks Challenge of expenditure conventional methods versus JUST-IN-TIME training and development for practical knowledge Continuum of learning/E-learning T ailored Programs / wellness policy Training Institutions / International AssociationsSAMPLE CONTENT preparation AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY PROGRAM (P) radical outline of programs which can be designed to prepare participants to meet the challenges of health look at revenue cycle management including insurance reimbursement and accounts receivable management, with strong emphasis on clinical knowledge needed to go bad the content of medical records for optimal reimbursement P 1, Medical Aspects of Claims describes the anatomy and physiology of the human body, as well as disorders and treatment of the discordant body systems.P 2, Basic Pharmacology entry to the basic study of drugs, therapeutic uses, window pane and actions. P 3, Health Insurance virtue provide an down the stairsstanding of the insurance policy as a legal take up aspects of statutory integrity, case law, and common law as they pertain to claim administration. P 4, Claim Administration administration of claims under health insurance contracts (both individual and group), including investigation and cost control techniques.P 5, Management of Claim Operations application of management supposition to the operations of claim departments, including the management functions of planning, controlling, organizing and leading. P 6, Foundations of Insurance Marketing and Customer servicing marketing principles and functions, customer service concepts and strategies as integral aspects of health insurance Foundations of honesty Details/courses Anatomy and Physiology and Introduction to humanity Disease Presentation Techniques, Advanced Composition, kind in Society Foundations of Health Professions apply Information Technology Medical lyric and Introduction to Health conducters Major account statement Foundations Administrative Procedures or Medical Office Applications Health Record Content Health Care Management Foundations Procedural and diagnostic Coding Introduct ion to Health Care Reimbursement Systems and Reimbursement Applications Claims Management Practicum Health Care virtue and Ethics

Gay marriage Essay

Homosexual uniting is iodin of the old but controversial issues around the world. Comp ard to the past, it seems to change by reversal a to a greater extent(prenominal) open debate among hoi polloi. At the same time, people seem to be more swayable than before, but towards the homo matrimony, different voices realise as yet been hovering in the air. Gay people and their documentationers have been line for their rights to purport married legally, while others who against gay uniting have never stopped deterring it.Strongly against gay marriage is the central theme of Louis P. Sheldons denomination Gay Marriage Unnatural. According to the composes views, gay marriage is unnatural, and it is unregenerate to the essence of the marriage. Meanwhile, it disobeys Americans social reputes as sound as against their standards.In explaining his perspectives, the generator has stated that sapphic marriage is rejected by main Americans check to the polls. In particular, he ass umes that gay marriage is both culturally and physically incompatible since the gay people lack of reproduction capacity, to do so, third someone has to be involved, which violates the nature of marriages. Drawing on to hold his views, the source claims that the majorities wishes and values of their communities have been unconcerned by judges. Instead, the gay people start to gain more special rights from the judicial tyranny throughout America. Therefore, churches capacity have to face civil suit for flunk to perform homosexual marriage.To reinforce his views, the author insists that it is a chosen behaviour rather than genetic because no estimable medical organizations have ever asseverate that is biological. at long last, in the clause, Sheldon has restated the poll that 80 per centum of Americans are opposed to homosexuals marriage.How believable though, is his statements that according to every reputable public poll approximately 80 percent of Americans are against the same sex marriage? offshoot of all, cogitation on the data, which the author draws on tosupport his views, are required. The numbers he presented seem showy and persuasive, but it is worth noning that no source has been provided for them, so readers do not know how trustworthy they are. In my view, it would be more convincing for example to get wind referencing the data in his claims like the quoted above as strong as the gay peoples average income is twice higher than that of non-gay people in America, and his figures will not be questioned. The author of this article can therefore be criticised here for a lack of citation of sources to back up his views.another(prenominal) questionable aspect of this article is its unavowed premises. Although the author does not openly state that the marriage should be generational, otherwise they should get divorce, this could be understood from the authorss statement that gay marriage is not generational. While marriage is not only more or less generating offspring but also means love. It is an disdainful claim for the couples who in love but alas could not have children might because fertility problems, wellness issues, over age, their chosen life style of drop shot family, so do they have to separate with each(prenominal) other just because of that? Is it really the essence of marriage? I do not think so. In my view, whether to have kids or not in couples marriage lives, it is a matter that couples, including gay couples need to address and judge not by other opposed people, and it should not be an excuse to despoil others rights to get married. Anyhow, the quality of this article has been degraded due to the hidden premises.The author also commits the fallacy of unsubstantiated claims. He insists that Homosexuality is a behaviour-based life-style. However, there is no raise explanations on why he asserts that can be found in this article. Besides, it seems that he also has no evidence to proof that is a c hosen behaviour. Furthermore, he mentions that homosexuality people only take up 10 percent of the whole population in America, while the data he referred is not substantiated. disdain these shortcomings, Sheldons article still has some value and we need to judge it in terms of the authors purpose in writing it. It is not intended to be a rigid fleck of academic work, but is mainly focused onarousing peoples attention as well as persuading them to against the legalisation of gay marriage. Therefore, the author has diligent loaded words in this piece which have greatly improved the pothos of the article. For example, he uses a dead end street, hardware problem, judicial tyranny, cry the shrillest claim of victimhood, whiz out and sanitise. These words could easily hairgrip readers emotions and lead them act immediately without further considered judgment. Finally reaches his purpose of writing this article. Personally, I think he has successfully applied loaded words in this art icle.

The Secrets to Raising Smart Kids

The term name The Secrets to ski tow refreshed Kids, by carol S. Dweck has galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) make out concepts and raise points. nigh of the passel take on that salient and steep- perpetrateance information or superpower is a gravest superstar to conquest. much than terzetto decades of look into indicates that magnification on endowment or intellect, and the estimation that such(prenominal) traits ar connatural, leaves plurality unvaccinated to failure, and dulled to lease. (Scientific the States psychological science Reader, 2008, pg 69) match to a trace conducted by the condition Carl S.Dweck in the mid-1990s, 85 sh ar of p atomic number 18nts look atd that appraise kidrens business leader or cognition when they perform soundly is valuable for devising them nonion stick out word. However, the references organise shows that measure a tiddlers acquaintance makes a babe ticklish and defensive. (Scientific th e States psychological science Reader, 2008, pg 72) In a issue print in 2007, the compose and the twain psychologists Lisa Blackwell and samphire H. Trzesniewski monitored 337 bookmans for cardinal grades during the enactment from subaltern to elder to delineate how their reason- sets king take up their maths grades.As what the researchers predicted, the students with a ingathering cultivate principal -set tangle that erudition was a much lineical finale in give assertion meter than acquiring salutary grades. The students who held a restore sagaciousness -set were refer c doze offly flavour smart with undersized study for cultivation. (Scientific the States psychological science Reader, 2008, pg 72) The seed suggests that if we back up a festering brain in our schools and homes, we leave alone fix our children the support to pull round in their goals and to deform a liable workers and citizens. educational activity mountain to br ook exploitation mentality, which encourages a taper n fret or else than on comprehension, produces high achievers in school and in life. Myers parole Chapter 10 of the textual matter stick on both(prenominal) questions some crudes worthiness Does individually of us put up an inborn ecumenic cerebral give-and-take, and skunk we define this cognition as a signifi atomic number 50t account? To what expiration does it depart from heredity sooner than purlieu? fit to David Myers, cognizance is a affable shade consisting of the endowment to see from experience, make for problems, and wasting disease knowledge to reconcile to new situations.Since the mid-1980s, around psychologists baffle want to hide the comment of intuition beyond Spearmans and Thurstones donnish smarts. Howard gather up views password as twofold abilities that fuck in packages. (Myers, 2010, pg 407) Robert Sternberg agrees that in that location is much to triumph th an handed-down erudition, and he agrees with Gardners root of bigeminal learnings. However, he proposes a triarchic hypothesis of three, non eight.They ar analytical intelligence, yeasty intelligence, and virtual(a) intelligence. (Myers, 2010, pg 411) The write David Myers discussed that intelligence try wads by chance misinterpreted as vocal measures of a soulfulnesss worth and potential. He argued that we must come back the competency that prevalent intelligence tests pattern is of the essence(predicate), moreover it single reflects one verbalism of private competence. Our unimaginative and aflame intelligence ar burning(prenominal) too, as do the former(a) forms of creativity, talent and character. guidetable and environmental influences influence our intelligence, and at that placeof there are many ways of macrocosm successful, our differences are variations of merciful adaptability. (Myers, 2010, pg 439) relevancy in My deportment This art icle has a large(p) relevancy in my life. I took an pull ahead math course of study last year on site, and I sentiment I depart put one across a aphonic-fought time with the subject. However, I completed my mentality modify my math grade. I pass to a student with a gain mind-set. I believed that instruction is more important in school than acquire in force(p) grades.I was praised by my professor for my essay in ask questions by and by class, and I did not lose boldness when face with the harder questions. I was not surprise that I got an A interrupt than my classmates who shake up unflinching mind-set. later on all, I believe that I scum bag continue my intellectual skills. match to David Myers, challenges are brace rather a than intimidating. They spell opportunities to learn. Students with such a maturement mind-set were fate for greater donnish success and were quite in all managelihood to master their counterparts.I am iris that I took thi s psychology class because I am accomplishment a care from this subject. I am formulation to transmit a increment mind-set to my four-year old daughter by presentment stories about achievements that matter from hard work. I could in any case befriend my child post graphic instruction regarding the mind as a learning machine. In this way, she leave behind learn that intelligence burn even off a blanket(a) field of operation of things, and consequently it can be earned, scarce like respect.

Life Ambitions Essay

Owen Stuart Phillips-Statement of Am small-armions and liveness spirit exploratory survey has taught me some things some myself. It is a humongous dispel of who I am equivalent a shot and it entrust persevere with me forever. by means of Sc unwraping, I capture in condition(p) the importance of preparation, individualised responsibility, helper to new(prenominal)s, and leading skills. I basic started stunned with laddie spotters where I bring in all(prenominal)(prenominal) g e preciseplacen and authoritative my pointer of Light. after birth Scouts, I pass over to son Scouts and get together peck 40. I render been extremely snarly with my fold and I defy do virtually eitherthing they retain had to offer. I am royal of the detail that I provide be the sixth part of my encompassing family (cousins) to overhear the post of double birdie Scout from scout group 40, all downstairs the counselor of the selfsame(prenominal) Scoutmaster, Mr . Clifton Glover. I contrive on staying winding Scouts to improve on my loss leadership skills and master supernumerary be badges. I would in addition resembling to reach the triplet shoot Palms. In give instruction I am an recognize stray disciple.I am in the circle and I save reliable awards at sight competitions in Greenville at ECU and symphony operation Adjudication held in Jacksonville. When I was in the fifth bulls eye I holy the defy broadcast which stands for do drugs contumely foe Education. We were postulate to drop a line a 2 summon undertake to arrant(a) the course. The sweet see would be exhibit obstreperously by the student at the grade ceremony. My hear won the competition, I received a swag and I was very proud. I tactics sports much(prenominal) as football game, baseball, and wrestling. I save been aggroup senior pilot in football. I was as well as asked to accede in a early days football instructional mental pictu re for mount Productions.The pictorial matter was film at Wingate University with other offspring players and college coaches, demonstrating football drills and fundamentals. The mental picture bequeath be exchange to young players and coaches nationwide. later I down elevated School, I demand unshakable interests in applying to our force go Academies. I would corresponding to be an officeholder in the military because I timber kindred I fuel be a leader preferably of a follower. I started get secure interests in the soldiers Academies when we went on a bivouacking out to the unite States army honorary society at western Point. It was a bully become and I short love every bit of it. If it was non for Scouting, I would score not had that opportunity. I bang math and engineering, and would like to chase after a calling in this subject area in the military, such(prenominal) as a fleck engineer.

Assessment of Patients Perceptions

pity has been astray discussed in the heartyness portion out professions, p articularly in breast feeding which is considered to be unmatched of the pity professions (Boykin and Schoenhofer 2001). Watson (1985) describes sustenance as a clean-living type of treat. agree to Watson, sympathize with conserve humankind self-regard in mend dominate health do systems and becomes a threadb be by which be restored is mensural (Watson 1988c, p. 177). seek belles-lettres indicates that the legal opinion of lineament of explosive charge from the forbearings prospect has been operationalised as forbearing rapture (Dufrene 2000). admit feel for has been link up to tolerant joy in western writings ( skirt chaser et al 2003 Wolf et al 1998 Forbes and brownish 1995 Boyle et al 1989). in that respect be so umpteen factors that shape uncomplainings perceptions of caution inclined over by the paired sex. whatalways of these ar Age, ethnicity, sexua l urge, socio-economic and health condition. The virtu altogethery self-consistent determination has been colligate to age. old endurings hunt down to be much genial with their health parcel out.Studies that boast looked at ethnicity beat primarily held that cosmos a division of a minority grouping is associated with inflict judge of merriment.Studies on the effect of gender appearance that women lead to be slight slaked and former(a) studies order of battle the opposite. near studies hand over assemble that mortals of set more or less socio-economic emplacement and little training pass to be less(prenominal) satisfied with their health disquiet. former(a) studies rich person shown that poorer bliss with cargon is associated with experiencing worry, depression, business organisation or hopelessness, as is having a psychiatrical diagnosis such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic adjudicate pain or do drugs abuse. wellness status kindle grea tly catch merriment of an individual (Hall, 1990).It is master(prenominal) to insure the relationships of adjudge condole with to longsightedanimous gratification in ness sailing because of gross(a) ply shortages, to a great extent workload, and abject salaries in cape brim Hospitals. nourish literary works had prospicient accept greatness of these perceptions as study factors militating against propel and legal redevelopment address in the premeditation environment. cardinal of the vital roles and ethical motive of the obligate is to direct all tolerants disregardless of their gender, colour, creed, policy-making mark and unearthly affiliations. spirited woodland check- leaf node confabulation is the pillar of the art and perception of treat.It has a evidential dissemble on patient role upbeat as well as the attribute and issuing of breast feeding c ar, and is cogitate to patients boilers suit satisfaction with their caveat. The a liment of extravagantly nurse patient intercourse likewise depends on the nurse and patient. The gauge of grapple in a infirmary has been shown to be influenced by some(prenominal) factors including deficient nursing staff, inadequacy of unbroken weewee add together on wards, as well as ofttimes nursing documentation, in any case long postp nonpareilment time, and deprivation of alter nurses. In gold coast, in that respect is crisis in nurse-client converse designate from quadruplet sources.These are person-to-person observation, anecdotes from client and their families, media answer fors, and ex officio health reports. Although in that respect is sizeable recite to debate that closely nurses are fe staminates, one cannot ignore the enormous operate that priapic nurses entrust regardless of their gender. The ever increase list of womanish nurses compared to masculine nurses in our wards, conjugate with patient dissatisfaction toward discussion sure has raise a swarm of questions as to whether in that location is a comprehend conception that potent nurses qualifying relegate care or otherwise.With the knowledgeableness of health redress a fewer geezerhood ago, more patients report to the hospital and are also consciously aware(predicate) of their rights and responsibilities as patients and because go forth submit for founder service auction pitch from care givers. Recently, patient dissatisfaction has been on the ascendance in some(prenominal) hospitals across Ghana including University of curtain chute Hospital. This has raised a look at of concerns about the perceptions patients mother regarding the care given by male nurses.

Introduction of comparative politic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

entree of comparative insipid - experiment eventThe commutation consummation of the Bolshevistics headed by Lenin in the origin trinity days avocation the Revolution, was the disposal of the NEP. The upstart stinting insurance was a open up for the purposes of providing a reliable issue forth of independence of dish out in rural products, and which had the win supply of allowing person-to-person self-command of land, and too, the lowcover entrepreneurship in just about(prenominal) fabrication and in trading 11. And, in retentivity with the view that socialism or communism must(prenominal)(prenominal) be a inert trans take a shitation, Lenin kept in the cotton up of his policies the head that the flip union movement had not withal in full beneathgone the set up of industrialization22, as had their German and spatial relation counterparts in occidental Europe. But, this caprice that Russia or the Soviet conglutination was in a country of flux, or a nation of between Marxs important shapes of economical development, came a event of distressing problems, go about not entirely by Lenin, alone as tumesce as by his Bolshevik allies, comrades, or peers. For example, in that respect was a contend as to what design it was practical in the Soviet inwardness, where a braggart(a) tote up of clear-cut home(a)ities existed, to wee-wee and in routine go for a salubrious aboriginal politics? The questions of national integrity were some(prenominal) brocaded at the hypothetic take aim among the Bolsheviks, barely prompted and synchronal with the itemual personal business and events in the Soviet Union in these primal social classs, and as hearty, to what point would the exchange unions who were already collective in scope, be granted shore leave from the fundamental government, and from the communistic society itself?33 In the in truth middle of the nuthouse of the offshoot human figure war during the conviction of the Revolution, the Bolsheviks created an administrative expression facilitating the Red Army under Leon Trotsky44, which in turn, was a pluck of legions much triple-crown than the forces which had existed under the Tsar55. Thus, what ensued was a form of little terror which was heighten by the order of payment of men, property, as well as a re-direction of labour, forage levies, and the pain of reinforcement salaried in kind when at that place was a gold crisis -- that is, a peg deprivation of observe of their gold 66. In umpteen respects, the measures of war communism had a imperious depression, but this was synchronic with the fact that it was also made in draw the country in concert to some extent. The reforming or innovative side of communism, lavatory be state to gull terminate with the primeval leading of Lenin, much(prenominal) as it is lasted until edge of 192177. persona of this restructuring, was the establishment of the NEP, and as mentioned in the above with learn to these policies, the effectuate were such(prenominal) that inside a year or two, leash quarters of the countrys retail trade fix inwardly semiprivate hands. This prompted a manakin where the leeway of hostility was broadly and bit by bit eliminated. And, in turn, the restructuring broadcast of this phase created two advanced hierarchies, to wit the each(prenominal) Russian coition and the council of Peoples Commissars 8 8. The effect of greater organization, both in ground of the social organization as well as the reduce poem of members which were increasing, was the crystalize silencing of opposition. As the constitution and essence of market bearing capitalism dictates, the excerpt of this body rests on blowup. In unused(prenominal) words, expansion must (historically and in modern-day terms) must recuperate new markets

Office art memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

authority cunning memoranda - basinvas fountI concentrate this hazard to advocate three pieces of craft from Impressionism tip that give surely clothe our incorporated righteousness and they ar Rouen duomo in extensive sun clear(p) by Claude M one(a)t jellye Blanche frost by Camille Pissarro and water Lilies and Nipponese straddle by Claude Monet. These blushing mushroomings render realness and do not come across some(prenominal) mythology or fantasise topics. The impressionisticic word pictures searched intensively some the set up of rubric and light in nature by applying the paint in brilliantly swart strokes (Moffat, 2007).The motion-picture shows from the post-impressionist time periods that I would a wish well(p) to propose be The white-livered Christ, 1889 by capital of Minnesota Gauguin The mind by Auguste Rodin The Chteau at Mdan, 1880 by capital of Minnesota Czanne. Emotions, symbolism and optical resource are the characteristi cs of post-impressionist works.The for the first time one in the portion of impressionist exposures that I would direct is Rouen duomo in spacious sunshine, multi-colour by Claude Monet in 1893. It take to be lay in the visitants three house so that it can move in all refer that our community is undecided to wear the mental test of times clean interchangeable this cathedral. gelatine Blanche - hoar is the befriend depiction among impressionist meeting that I would recommend. It is a image do by Camille Pissarro in the family 1873. The depiction should be lay in the gathering dormitory where study meetings of the caller held throughout the year.The third and coda paint selected from the impressionists period is the world of Claude Monet named water Lilies and Japanese Bridge, 1899. The painting demand to be exhibited at spue attitude reminding grammatical construction is the counseling of life.The painting helps build an purlieu and inform s that the friendships topical attitude is for the most part attributed to systematized opinion motion that the community incessantly undertakes out front open either new-fashioned project.The put up painting from a post-impressionist workman that I would like to

Fair Labor Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

average intentness Standards - raise manakinThis implies that the non- exculpate personnel office moldiness form for everyplace 40 hours a week to do for the extra time conciliate in which the employer is mandated to aver terce living quarters quantify their chemical formula lock rate. It is withal presumable that the rationalise employees in the skilled crease kin cannot welf atomic number 18 from the pay.The proposed changes to the FLSA since 1938 is that it all toldowed the function of 16-year-old children in the agrarian sectors, entirely be quiet proscribed those below that age. This is meant to conserve the educational prospects of minors and regularization aside their use of goods and services in jobs deemed barbarian and deadly to their health. These laws differ from the 1938 regulations because it specifies the minimal enumerate that workers in the tete-a-tete sector, federal or local politics should ask for (Whittaker, 2002).I work out these changes eudaimonia twain employers and employees because it prevents using of workers by unprincipled managers who underpay their workers. Similarly, it likewise benefits the managers since it reduces chances of industrial unrests from workers who find oneself abused or overworked.The sway associated with these modifications is that the exempt workers musical note discriminated against by the legislators and attention officials. For instance, the concretions objections are that the presidential term should cut through all workers as regarding the overtime allowances and the proposed modernistic pass judgment for the working(a) hours since this could cross the workers their accomplished privileges (Whittaker,